Which theory focuses on perceived fairness in the distribution of outcomes in relationships?

• A. Social Exchange Theory
• B. Uncertainty Reduction Theory
• C. Attraction Theory
• D. Equity Theory

Answer: (D)

Equity Theory examines how people perceive fairness in the distribution of outcomes in relationships. It says individuals judge fairness by comparing the ratio of what they contribute (time, effort, care) to what they receive (support, affection, resources) with their partner’s ratio. When these ratios feel balanced, the relationship seems fair and satisfying. If one person feels they are giving more than they’re getting relative to their partner, a sense of inequity arises, leading to distress and actions to restore balance—like increasing contributions, seeking more rewards, or changing perceptions of fairness. This focus on proportional fairness in outcomes is why it best fits the idea of perceived fairness in relationships. Other theories address related ideas but not fairness in how outcomes are distributed: for example, some theories look at overall costs and benefits to maximize advantage, while others study how people reduce uncertainty in new interactions or what draws people together in attraction.